Section 3 Guided Reading and Review Changs on the Arths Surfact Answer Key

Affiliate x Answer Primal

Study Guide

My Notebook

1. Answers volition vary, only could include chief ideas from the summary or i master idea from each Reading (three).
2. Answers for antonyms in chapter summary include: form/break down; remove/keep in place.
3. Student opinions will vary. Watery changes to Globe'due south surface might be indicated with either type of map. It depends on what kind of watery change, what previous maps at that place are to compare, and over what time the change has taken place. Students tin can argue that topographic maps show tiptop from ocean level. Other types of changes such equally pollution or oil spills tin be ameliorate colorized on satellite images.

Guided Reading

10.1 Weathering

1. pieces
2. moves
3. forces
4. chemical reaction

ten.2 Erosion

5. sediment
6. gravity
7. higher, lower

x.three Land Features

8. features
9. topographic
10. satellites

Let'southward Review

1. a
2. b

Check Your Understanding

Reading 10.1

1. No, mountains feel weathering over fourth dimension and wear down.
2. Old mountains are not very tall and have round peaks with vegetation. Immature mountains are tall and have sharp peaks with piddling or no vegetation.
3. The respond is (a). Weathering takes a long time. It would take longer than ane year, tens or years, or hundreds of years to article of clothing downward a mountain.
4. In detail, the Sun drives the water cycle. Water is a major agent of weathering (frost wedging and chemical weathering) and erosion.
5. Mechanical weathering is the disintegration of rock without changing the chemic limerick. Chemic weathering changes the composition of rocks past the chemical breakdown of minerals in the stone. This is decomposition.
6. Weathered rock is transported in part past the force of gravity. Gravity causes weathering stone to movement from high to low places either due to falling down a mountain or by the downhill flow of water.
7. Answers are:
1. Chemical weathering
2. Mechanical weathering
8. Grass growing through a sidewalk tin cause the sidewalk to separate into pieces. This is concrete weathering. Grass would not necessarily cause chemical weathering, nevertheless, if the grass splits the sidewalk more, chemic weathering of the sidewalk would deteriorate it further.
9. Factors that affect how fast a stone weathers include: the presence of h2o, the type of climate (how boiling or dry out information technology is), the presence of organisms like plants or animals, the composition of the stone, and the surface surface area of the rock. Students may cull whatever three of these answers.

Challenge! p. 266

Caves in the U.S. are often the outcome of limestone being weathered by water (acidic water). First holes or cracks form in a layer of limestone clandestine. So, as the cracks or hole overstate, they connect with a h2o source. The water weathers the limestone. But, eventually the water drains away (sometimes every bit state is uplifted). When the water drains away, the passages created by h2o are exposed. This process tin can takes tens of thousands of years.

Solve It p.260

Answers are:

1. Weathering in a wetter, tropical rainforest would happen faster than in a dry out desert.
2. Weathering would happen faster on a rock with lots of jagged edges (with more surface surface area) than on a smoothen, round rock (with relatively less expanse).
3. Weathering would happen faster in a a warm surroundings than in a really cold environment.
4. Weathering would happen faster on a rock with a lot of surface area compared to its volume or a stone with a small amount of surface area compared to its book.

Reading ten.2

1. Weathering breaks rocks autonomously and can change their composition. Erosion moves the pieces of rock and sediment to a new location.
2. Wind, water, ice, and gravity (also, ocean waves/currents, human and animal action).
3. Deposition is the process of depositing sediment later it has been moved past water, wind, or ice.
4. The steeper the slope of a hillside, the faster that water will run over the gradient. Faster h2o is able to carry more sediment and larger pieces of sediment.
5. The volume of running water and its speed (related to the gradient of the state) bear upon how information technology erodes the land.
   
6. Sketch (at right):
7. The "up" management is indicated by particle sizes ranging from larger to fine. The finest particles settle concluding and bespeak the uppermost layer.
8. A glacier would take scratched the surface of rocks. Current of air would accept removed sediments on the surface leaving behind bare or exposed rock below.
9. Water reduces the friction between the grains of soil increasing the chances for mass wasting. An example is a mudflow.
10. Sample answer: I accept observed erosion at the beach were waves carry away sand from my sand castle.
11. The Dust Bowl could accept been lessened or prevented by the utilise of better farming practices that protect sediment and soil from erosion. These include: installing windbreaks, planting ground encompass, and using contour plowing for farming.
12. Both the argue and the embankment grass assistance forestall beach erosion considering the plants stabilizing the sand and the fence keeps people from walking in the area. Just, mostly the plants and fence are an endeavour to reverse the effects of erosion by trapping sand.

Reading 10.3

1. A topographic map is drawn and shows the contours of the land. A satellite view is a photo taken past a satellite.
2. Flooding of a river or the erosion of the land past the river both crusade a floodplain to form.
3. The soil is fertile because when the river does overflowing information technology deposits nutrients in the soil.
4. The answer is (b).
5. The water flows the fastest on the outside of the curve. Sediment is eroded here.
6. The h2o flows the slowest on the within of the curve. Sediment is deposited here.
7. Meandering scars and oxbow lakes bespeak that a river has moved over fourth dimension.
8. The feature is an oxbow lake.
9. Answers are:
1. The river is fastest at the surface.
2. The river is slowest at the lesser.
3. Hypothesis: The river flows slowest at the bottom because of friction between the water and the rocky bottom.

Solve It p. 275

1. approximately 15 kilometers
2. approximately threescore kilometers

Connection

1. No, scientists believe that glacial activity occurs in cycles.
2. Glaciers carried the copper as they moved over the land. When they melted, they left the rock they carried behind, some of which contained copper.
3. Glaciers are sensitive to changes in climate because as the climate warms, more of the glaciers melt during the warmer months. If less and less water ice is left after each warm flavour, the glacier shrinks faster.

Activity

Accept any reasonable answer for a-f.

Sample answers for 1000 and h.

1. g. Aye, some of the weathering could have been prevented. I retrieve the school should use efficient gutters, storm drains, and sewers, so that water would runoff causing the least damage. I also recollect the school should apply trees and vegetation for protection from wind and Sun.
2. h. I predict that the parking lot would brainstorm to exist over-grown and at that place would exist many plants growing through the cracks. The paint would exist worn away on the edifice and the mortar would be gone in between any bricks. Any fabric, such every bit the flag, would be gone due to weathering.

Chapter 10 Review

Vocabulary

Reading 10.one

1. weathering
2. mechanical weathering
3. frost wedging
4. chemic weathering

Reading 10.2

5. graded bedding
6. rockfall
7. deposition
8. channel
9. management of younging
10. landslide
11. mudflow; slumping
12. cantankerous bedding
13. mass wasting
14. erosion

Lesson x.3

15. floodplain
16. braided stream
17. meanders
18. satellite

Concepts

Reading 10.1

1. Mountains become rounded, abound more than vegetation, and are worn down, so they become lower in peak.
2. Yes, mechanical weathering and chemical weathering often working unison. For case, chemic weathering alters the composition of a mineral, which becomes weaker. The rock in which that mineral is found breaks autonomously. That is mechanical weathering.
3. The force of gravity causes rocks and sediment (and water) to move downhill. Rocks suspension down more as they are transported.
4. Chemical weathering
5. Probably not. Frost wedging is the outcome of ice forming in rocks and then forcing them to split autonomously. You need freezing temperatures for ice to form. The range of temperature at the equator is in a higher place freezing.
6. Hoodoos are formed by sediments being diddled by wind and then that the structures are abraded over time. This is similar to how sandblasting works. Sandblasting involves using blown sand to clean surfaces by abrading them.
7. The rocks have been abraded by other rocks in the h2o and smoothed past the fast flowing water.
8. Biological weathering
9. Mountain formation involves rocks being pushed upward. As this happens, pressure on the rock decreases. The pressure level decrease causes the rocks to expand and crack. Then, past the process of exfoliation, the outer layers of a rock body peel away and proceed to crevice and weathering. Somewhen, the rock looks rounded with croaky layers.
10. The roots of a tree can put pressure level on rocks and cause them to scissure. Chemicals released past the tree can crusade chemical weathering of rock.
11. Weathering is slowest in a dry, cold climate.

Reading 10.2

12. Waves from the ocean moved sand from the castle into the h2o. This is an instance of erosion.
13. The smoothness or roughness of the aqueduct touch on how sediment is carried.
14. The speed of the h2o and its energy.
15. The last formed layer is the one with the finest particles. When graded beds grade, sediment is deposited in order of size. The finest particles are e'er deposited last.
16. Rock flour is the fine rock pulverization that results from chafe by glaciers. Rock flour is a production of erosion.
17. Slumping can happen after a catamenia of very heavy rainfall. Slumping occurs considering loose soil particles become separated by h2o. The water reduces the friction between the particles and that makes it difficult for the soil to hold together or support houses. So the land "slumps" and slides downhill.
18. Topsoil is an important resource for farmlands and other lands because it protects deeper soil and sediment from erosion.

Reading ten.iii

19. One pro is the rich soil. One con is the flooding that occurs regularly.

20. A river valley is 5-shaped because the river is able to cutting down into the land. A glacier makes a U-shaped valley because this mass of ice is able to scoop through a valley.
21. Meandering scars and oxbow lakes.

Math and Writing Skills

Reading 10.ane

1. People cannot and should non impact the stones of Stonehenge in club to avoid and reduce further weathering of these outdoor landmarks.

Reading 10.2

2. Soil found in one location could come from whatsoever other location. This is considering soil is transported by the h2o cycle and role of the rock cycle. These cycles are continuously moving water and rock effectually on World'southward surface. The soil in a location could accept come up from a mount height or even have been blown in by the wind.
3. Sample reply: A fence mail might kickoff to lean downslope when creep is occurring. You could measure the amount of lean of the post over time.
4. Sample answer: Greatcoat Cod, MA is an case. The stone on Greatcoat Cod is essentially unconsolidated— a heap of glacial debris.
5. Sample answer: I would plant flowers and trees to foreclose soil erosion.

Reading x.3

6. The river valley will have a potent V-shape to it or be virtually its source. Equally it gets older, the V widens and a floodplain may develop towards its oral cavity.
7. An oxbow lake formes when a meander becomes a closed loop due to deposition of sediment. The loop appears (from aerial photos) to be pinched off from the river. In time, the loop becomes a lake that is independent from the meandering river and may get farther and farther from the river as it continues to change position.

Exam Practice

1. a
2. b
3. c
4. a

Chapter Project

Students are asked to use the scientific process to investigate mechanical and chemical weathering of limestone.

Notes about the activity:

In the activeness, the water is meant to correspond mechanical weathering. Withal, water does react chemically with limestone over time. The vinegar is meant to represent chemical weathering. It may take leaving the limestone chips in the vinegar overnight or longer to see results with this handling.

If vinegar is too expensive to use, then just employ the water handling.

Limestone chips can be purchased at home improvement stores or businesses that sell landscaping materials.

Sample answers for question 10:

1. The container with water just represents mechanical weathering. The container with vinegar represents mechanical and chemical weathering since the shaking of the container aids in the process of breaking downwards the chips.
2. The data and graph (not shown) prove that weathering increases over time. Over time, the shaking of the containers causes the chips to hitting against each other and so that more surface area is further exposed to more and more mechanical or chemic weathering.

This rubric may be used to grade the chapter activity. The maximum amount of points for the project (using this rubric) is 30 points.

					Points earned
Investigation completed	Yes 5 points	Partially aye 4 points	Incomplete 3 points	No 0 points
Information recorded in a notebook	All five 5 points	4 or 3 samples 4 points	2 or ane samples 3 points	No samples 0 points
Averages calculated in data table	Aye v points	Partially yes 4 points	Incomplete three points	No 0 points
Graph constructed	Aye 5 points	Partially yes 4 points	Incomplete 3 points	No 0 points
Questions answered	Yes 5 points	Partially yes four points	Incomplete 3 points	No 0 points
Borderline met	Yep 5 points	Partially yeah four points	Incomplete 3 points	No 0 points
Total

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